CITES goods (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) include those goods that involve animal and plant species protected by the eponymous international convention. This convention, also known as the Washington Convention, was signed in 1973 and came into force in 1975, with the goal of ensuring that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. 

CITES Categories 

The species protected by CITES are listed in three appendices, depending on the degree of protection required: 

Appendix I:  

Includes species threatened with extinction that are or may be affected by trade. Trade in these species is prohibited, except under exceptional circumstances. 

Appendix II: 

Includes species that, although not necessarily threatened with extinction, may become so if trade is not strictly controlled. Trade in these species is allowed but subject to strict regulations to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. 

Appendix III: 

Includes species that are protected in at least one country, which has requested assistance from other CITES countries to control trade. Trade in these species is permitted but requires appropriate documentation. 

Import and Export Requirements 

To trade species listed in the CITES appendices, specific permits and certificates must be obtained: 

Export Permit:  

Issued by the competent authority of the exporting country, certifying that the trade is not detrimental to the survival of the species. 

Import Permit:  

Required for species in Appendix I and issued by the importing country. 

Re-export Certificate:  

Needed when a protected species is re-exported from an importing country. 

Implications for Trade and implementation 

Compliance with CITES regulations is crucial for businesses trading in wild fauna and flora, as well as for collectors and enthusiasts of rare specimens. Penalties for violating CITES rules can be severe and include significant fines and imprisonment. 

Some examples of species included in the CITES appendices are: 

Appendix I: African elephants, tigers, black rhinoceroses. 

Appendix II: Polar bears, corals, some species of cacti. 

Appendix III: African water lentils, some species of turtles. 

The convention is implemented at the national level by designated authorities in each member country. These authorities are responsible for issuing permits, monitoring trade, and enforcing CITES laws. 

In conclusion, CITES is a fundamental tool for the protection of endangered species and the regulation of international trade in wild fauna and flora. Its success depends on international cooperation and strict adherence to its provisions by all member countries.